Scope.
This document is a repair guide for Williams and Bally WPC pinball games made from 1990 (Funhouse) to 1999 (Cactus Canyon).

Table of Contents

1. Getting Started:
1. Experience, what is WPC?, Schematics
2. Necessary Tools
3. Parts to have On-Hand
4. Different WPC Generations
5. Game List
6. Lubrication Notes
7. The Circuit Boards
8. Introduction to Operation
9. Troubleshooting (quick guide)

2. Before Turning the Game On:

1. Check the Fuses/LEDs (Blown Fuses and What Causes them)
2. Burnt GI Connectors (and WPC-95 GI Diodes)
3. Quick and Dirty Transistor Testing
4. Should I leave my Game Powered On?

3. When Things Don't Work:

1. Removing the Driver board
2. Replacing Components
3. Checking Transistors and Coils (stuck on coils and flashlamps)
4. Game Resets (Bridge Rectifiers, Diodes and Caps)
5. Problems with Flippers
6. The Lamp Matrix
7. The Switch Matrix
8. Infrared Optic Switches
9. Electronic Ball Sensors (Eddy Sensors a Magnetic Reed Switches)
10. Ball Trough Problems (random multi-ball)
11. Dot Matrix/AlphaNumeric Score Displays
12. Power-On LEDs and Sound Beeps
13. "Factory Settings Restored" error (Battery Problems)
14. Lightning Strikes
15. Sound Problems
16. General Illumination (GI) Problems
17. Test Report & The Diagnostic Dot
18. Fixing a Dead or non-booting CPU board
19. Game Specific & Miscellaneous Repair Tips

4. Finishing Up:

1. Rebuilding Flippers
2. New Coil Sleeves
3. Protecting Slingshot Plastics
4. Cleaning and Waxing the Playfield
5. Playfield Rubber

Bibliography.

• "WPC theory of operation" (#16-9289), 1991, Williams Electronic Games.
• "Pinball Machines: How They Work & Troubleshooting", 2nd edition, 1993, Norbert Snicer, ISBN 0 646 11126 4.
• Jonathan Deitch's web materials.
• Ray Johnson's web materials.

Probably the second most important jumpers to install are those from BR5 to C30. Note the "+" (offset leg) of the bridge goes to the "+" lead of the associated capacitor. The "-" lead of the bridge is diagonal to the offset "+" lead. Shown is a WPC and WPC-S style driver board.

Are Jumper Wires Good Insurance for WPC-95 Games Too?
Yes! Even though WPC-95 games stopped using bridges in favor of diodes (which have far less heat/vibration solder pad cracking problems), jumper wires are still a good idea. On WPC-95 games, all the large electrolytic capacitors on the driver board have the potential for cracked solder pads.

To give an example of solder pad cracking, I recently had a problem on a Safe Cracker (WPC-95) where none of the low power (20 volt) coils worked. It was very frustrating; the fuse was good, and power was getting to the Driver board, but not out of the driver board and to the coils.

It turned out that the capacitor that filters the DC voltage after the bridge rectifier on the Driver board had a cracked solder pad. This prevented the voltage from getting any further than it's associated bridge rectifier (I should have known; the +20 volt LED on the Driver board was not lit!). Adding the jumper wires from the bridge to the capacitor fixed the problem.

Replace the Filter Capacitor at C5 (or C9 on WPC-95).
If the game is still resetting, there's probably a good chance that the filter capacitor at C5 (15,000 mfd @ 25v) or C9 (WPC-95, 10,000 mfd @ 25v) needs to be replaced. The C5/C9 capacitor filters and smooths the +5 volts. If this cap is worn out, unsmooth +5 volts will result. This will cause random game resets. On WPC-S and prior games, when replacing bridge BR2, it is a good idea to just go ahead and replace the filter cap C5 with a new 15,000 mfd 25 volt capacitor.

Check the Power Driver Voltage Plugs.
The molex plug that provides the input voltage to the driver board can also have problems. On WPC-95, J129 supplies the voltage that gets rectified to +5 volts. On WPC-S and prior, J101 handles this. Also check the main power plugs that supply +5 and +12 volts to the power driver boards. On WPC-S and prior, this is J114. On WPC-95, this is J101.

Make sure the above connectors are in good condition. Check the pins on the driver board for burnt pins, cold/fatiqued or cracked solder joints (also see the Burnt Connector section). Any problems with the above mentioned connectors can cause random game resets.

Game is Still Resetting.
As a last thing to check, the LM339 voltage comparator at U6 (U1 on WPC-95) on the power driver board could be bad. This chip is in the zero crossing circuit. If bad or leaky, this will cause game resets too. Replace the LM339, and make sure to install a socket for this chip.

Yet another reset problem can be caused by the CPU board chips at U1, U2, U3 and U5 (all WPC revisions). These chips connect directly to the CPU, and can have heat problems that cause a game to reset.

Last Reset Resorts - Failing Dot Matrix Controller/Display.
The game in question was Star Trek Next Generation, and the symptoms included occasional game resets, weak flippers, and dim lights. The usual stuff was tried: replaced all the bridge rectifers and filter caps, rebuilt the flippers, etc, and nothing worked. A bad transformer was suspected, so it was re-taped for 100 volts, as an experiment. After powering the game back on, immediate smoke was seen off the dot matrix display controller board. On closer inspection, a number of the diodes and large resistors on the dot matrix display board showed signs of severe heating (the experiment with the lower voltage tap wasn't nearly long enough to cause the damage observed - this had built up over considerable time). After rejumpering the game back to 115 volts, a spare dot matrix display board was installed in the game, and everything worked: bright lights, strong flippers, and no game resets.

In this case the high-voltage supply circuits on the dot matrix display controller board were marginal. A considerable amount of current was being drawn by the dot matrix display board. This problem caused enough load on the transformer to bring all the voltages down for the whole game (there was a clue: with the game turned on, the AC inputs into the bridge rectifers all read at the low end of the acceptable range).

Even having an "out-gassed" dot matrix display with a good dot matrix controller board can cause game resets (see Dot Matrix/AlphaNumeric Score Displays for more details on out-gassing displays). The problem of weak, old, out-gassed dot matrix displays causing game resets is becoming more common. The moral of this story is to not use a dot matrix display that is out-gassed and at the end of its life.

Lesson: not all game resets and low voltage problems are caused by the notorious bridge rectifers. Bad CPU chips or bad voltage supply circuits on the dot matrix display board can also mimic these problems. Check the large resistors and diodes near the heat-sunk transistors on the dot matrix controller board. Look for clear signs of overheating (blackened PC board), even though the board is functional. To fix this, rebuild the high voltage section of the dot matrix display board, as described later in this document in the Dot Matrix/AlphaNumeric Score Displays section. Also be sure to replace a marginal dot matrix display. A bad display can consume much more power, stressing the dot matrix controller board, and potentially lowering other voltages, and causing game resets.

The Thermistor and Resets.
The Thermistor's job is to act like a low value resistor when cold. After warming up for a minute, it essentially becomes a zero ohm resistor. When the game is first turned on, it provides a slightly lower input voltage to the game's transformer (and hence bridge rectifiers), limiting the in-rush current (and lengthening the life of the bridges). But with time, sometimes the thermistor does not function correctly after warm up, therefore acting like a full time resistor. This keeps the input voltages lower, and makes game resets more prevalent. The Thermistor is located in the "power box" just inside the coin door. This power box also housing the game's power switch.

With the game turned on and warmed up (five minutes), no more than 1.00 volts AC should be seen across the Thermistor, with the game in the attract mode (not playing). Please be careful as there is 115VAC (or 220VAC for Europe) in this box and can be dangerous.

The "power box" just inside the coin door. Picture by John Robertson.

Measuring the AC voltage across the Thermistor, with the game in attract mode. No more than 1.00 volts AC should be seen. Picture by John Robertson.

Fuse F116 Keeps Blowing on WPC-S and Prior Games.
When fuse F116 keeps blowing on WPC-S and earlier games, it's almost always a bad bridge rectifier at BR5. Replace and make sure there is good solder contacts leading to the "+" lead of C30.

"Check Fuse F114/F115" (or F106/F101) Message.
This indicates the voltage is out for the lamp/switch matrix. Sometimes this message is gotten even when the fuses are good!

A failing bridge (or diodes) can cause the game to think their respective fuses are bad. If the fuse F114 (or F106 on WPC-95) is actually blown, usually this is an indication that BR1 (or diodes D11-D14 on WPC-95) usually failed. But it could be as simple as a cracked solder pad on power driver board's BR1 (or diodes D11-D14 on WPC-95). See the above about jumper wires, and install those for good reliability. The shotgun method can also be used, replacing BR1 (and BR2, both for WPC-S and prior, while you are at it!) on the power driver board, in addition to the jumper wires.

Here is a step-by-step test to see exactly what is causing the F114/F115 (or F106/F101) error message. With the game on and the coin door closed:

• Test for AC voltage at J101 pins 4 and 7 (or J129 pins 4 and 7 on WPC-95). A reading of 13 to 18 volts AC should be seen. This is the AC voltage coming from the transformer. If no voltage here, check the Molex connectors around the transformer and at the power driver board.
• Test for DC voltage at TP8 (or TP102 on WPC-95) and ground. A reading of 16 to 18 volts DC should be seen. If no voltage here, replace BR1 (or D11 to D14 on WPC-95). Also no voltage here can occur because the solder pads are cracked around bridge BR1 (or D11 to D14 on WPC-95). Using jumper wires for BR1 (as described in the Game Resets section) helps prevent this.
• Test for DC voltage at TP3 (or TP100 on WPC-95) and ground. A reading of 12 volts DC should be seen. If no voltage here, check or replace diodes D1 and D2 (1N4004, all WPC version).
• If diodes D1/D2 are OK, replace Q2 (all WPC versions), a LM7812 voltage regulator.
• If the above still does not fix the problem, replace U20 (all WPC versions) on the CPU board (ULN2803). If U20 died "hard", it could also blow the 74LS374 at U14 (on WPC-95 it's U23, a 74HC237) on the CPU board.
• If the above still does not fix the problem, and the game has an under-the-playfield optic board, replace the LM339 chips on this board. Replace them all, and use sockets.
• If voltage is still not right, or BR1 (or diodes D11 to D14 on WPC-95) are REALLY hot, check all the TIP107 transistors on the power driver board. If these test good, check/replace the power driver board's ULN2803 at U19 (or U11 on WPC-95), or maybe the power driver board's 74LS374 at U18 (or U10 on WPC-95).

ALso on WPC-S and prior games, connectors J114, J116, J117, J118 can be removed. Replace the fuse and power on the game. If the fuse blows, its corresponding bridge rectifier is most likely shorted and should be replaced. If the fuse doesn't blow, the problem is not in the circuit boards. Most likely a shorted wire, which can only be manually hunted down.

Burnt +18 Volt BR1 Bridge or WPC-95 Diodes D11-D14.
This problem is strange, but a lot more common than one might think. The +18 volt (lamp columns) bridge or WPC-95 diodes get excessively hot and burns. I've seen this where the driver board is black from the heat. This happens because the lamp matrix is demanding more power than the circuit is designed to handle. Eventually the associated fuse F114 or F106 (WPC-95) will blow. Note the BR1 bridge or WPC-95 diodes D11-D14 are probably OK. If these were bad, the fuse F114 or F106 (WPC-95) would blow immediately.

The reason for the burned bridge or diodes is simple; for some reason, one (or more!) of the lamp columns is stuck "on". Remember, the lamp matrix uses 12 volts, but this is derived by strobing (turning on and off very quickly) 18 volts. If a column locks on, instead of getting 12 volts, the full 18 volts is delivered. This added voltage puts stress on the lamp column circuit, and causes the +18 volt BR1 bridge or WPC-95 diodes D11 to D14 to get really hot (and their associated fuse to eventually blow).

To fix this, first check all the TIP107 column driver transistors (see the Checking Transistors section). If none of these transistors are shorted on, then next suspect the ULN2803 at U19 (or U11 on WPC-95), or maybe the 74LS374 at U18 (or U10 on WPC-95). If the TIP107 transistors are OK, the ULN2803 is probably the culprit. An easy way to tell if the lamp matrix has a problem is to notice the controlled lamps right when the game is turned on. If any playfield lamps flash on right at power-on, there may be a problem with the ULN2803 driver chip.

Exploding +20 volt Capacitor.
There are cases when the +20 volt capacitor (Driver board C11 on WPC-S and prior, C10 on WPC-95) can just explode. This happens when a shorted flipper coil diode or shorted transistor on the Fliptronics board causes the 70 volt coil power to feedback into the 20 volt flashlamp circuitry. Because of reverse voltage, this blows the 20 volt capacitor. Also installing one of the ribbon cable connectors in the backbox on the header pins (top row of header pins to bottom row of housing) can do the same thing. And lastly, if connector J124 is mistakenly plugged into the driver board connector J128 (they are keyed alike!), this can cause capacitor C11 to explode.

First check the ribbon cable header pins to make sure they are attached correctly. Then check the flippers. If when the flippers are activated, one of the flashlamps dimly lights, there may be a bad flipper transistor on the Fliptronics board.

There is a preventive measure which can be taken for this. Install a blocking diode on the driver board ceramic 10 watt resistor R224 (or R9 on WPC-95). To do this, first remove the lower leg of resistor resistor R224 (the leg just above TP7). Connect the anode (non-banded end) of a 1N4004 (or 1N4007) diode to the resistor's leg. Then solder the cathode (banded side) of the diode back into the driver board (where one leg of R224 was removed). This will prevent the problem.

Flippers connect the player to the pinball game. Having perfectly working flippers is extremely important. Here are some common flipper problems and answers.

Remember, all flippers (regardless of the game) will have EOS (end of stroke) switches. This tells the CPU a flipper is at full extension. If this switch is broken, it could cause problems (depending on the WPC generation). Bad EOS switches should always be fixed.

How Flippers Work.
Flipper coils are actually two coils in one package. The "high power" side is a few turns of thick gauge wire. This provides low resistance, and therefore high power. The "low power", high resistance side is many turns of much thinner wire. This side of the coil is important if the player holds the cabinet switch in, keeping the flipper coil energized. The high power low resistance side of the coil is only active when the flipper is at rest.

To simplify how the two sides of a flipper coil work, it's best to examine the non-fliptronics version. In this case, when the flipper is energized and at full extension, the normally closed EOS switch opens. This removes the high powered side of the coil from the circuit. The low powered side of the flipper coil is always in the circuit, but is essentially ignored when the high powered side is in the circuit. This happens because the current takes the easiest path to ground (the low resistance, high power side of the coil). The low power high resistance side of the flipper coil won't get hot if the player holds the flipper button in.

A simplified drawing of the flipper circuit in non-fliptronic games.

EOS Switches: Normally Closed or Normally Open?
Pre-fliptronics games have a high voltage, normally closed end-of-stroke (EOS) switch. But Fliptronics flippers are basically an electronic (instead of mechanical) version of the above explained non-fliptronics flippers. The main difference is fliptronics flippers have EOS switches that are low voltage, normally open switches (instead of high voltage, normally closed as used on non-fliptronics flippers).

Is the problem Mechanical or Electrical?
Before diving into any flipper problem, identify if the problem is mechanical or electrical. For example, if a flipper gets stuck in the "up" position during a game, is it a mechanical binding problem, or an electrical problem? In this case it's simple to tell; just turn the game off! If the stuck flipper falls back to rest, the problem is electrical. If the flipper stays in the up position, it's a mechanical problem. Knowing this will help fix flipper problems.

Flipper Diodes.
All WPC games will have diodes attached at the flipper coil. Make sure these diodes are oriented like the ones pictured below.

The coil diodes on a Fliptronics flipper coil. The red (bottom) wire is the "hot" wire. The yellow (middle) wire handles the initial hi-power "flip", and the orange (top) wire handles the flipper's "hold".

Flipper Wire Colors.
From game to game, Williams often used a consistent set of wire colors for flipper wiring (unfortunately, this is not always the case, as seen in the picture above). In the picture below, the flipper coil lugs are labeled "lug1" to "lug3". Here are the wire color break down for most games:
Lug 1 (outside banded diode lug, two winding wires, 50 volts):
• Lower Left flipper: Grey/Yellow
• Lower Right flipper: Blue/Yellow
• Upper Left flipper: Grey/Yellow
• Uppper Right flipper: Blue/Yellow

Lug 3 (outside non-banded diode lug, one winding wire):

• Lower Left flipper: Orange/Blue
• Lower Right flipper: Orange/Green
• Upper Left flipper: Orange/Grey
• Uppper Right flipper: Orange/Purple

Lug 2 (middle lug):

• Lower Left flipper: Blue/Grey
• Lower Right flipper: Blue/Purple
• Upper Left flipper: Black/Blue
• Uppper Right flipper: Black/Yellow

Fliptronics flipper coil wiring. Note the wire color rules specified below are the "usual" wire colors (but can't be 100% guarenteed).

The coil diodes on a Non-fliptronics flipper coil. Note the solo center wire and the all blue wire on the top lug goes to the EOS switch and the 2.2 mfd 250 volt spark arresting capacitor (the EOS switch and capacitor are wired in parallel). The blue/yellow (lower) wire (or gray/yellow) is the "hot" wire. The blue/violet (upper) wire continues to the cabinet switch, the driver board relay, and ultimately ground.

If the flipper(s) don't work at all...
Non-Fliptronics Games:
• Check the flipper fuses on the driver board, fuses F101 and F102.
• On non-fliptronics games, clean the flipper cabinet switch contacts and the EOS switch contacts with a small metal file. Make sure this normally closed EOS switch is adjusted properly. The switch should open about 1/8" at the flipper's end of stroke. If this switch is dirty or not closed, the flippers may not work at all.
• Check the DPDT flipper engage relay on the driver board. When this relay is energized, it completes the ground path for all the flippers. Transistor Q99 (2N5401) controls this relay (if this transistor is shorted, the flippers will always work even when the game is over). There are also two jumpers W4 and W5 on the driver board which should NOT be installed (if these jumpers are installed, the flippers will always be activated, even when the game is over).
Fliptronics Games:
• Check the flipper fuses on the Fliptronics board.
• Use the internal WPC test software to test the flipper switches. Press the "test button", and go to "Test Switch Edges". A matrix chart will appear. The flipper switches are connected directly to the CPU board (on WPC-95) or the Fliptronics board (on earlier games) through direct switches, and not through the switch matrix (non-fliptronics games have the flipper switches and EOS switches wired directly to the flippers, and don't connect to any board). This means if the flipper button is pressed on any Fliptronics and later game, the circles on the right most column (outside the box) of the matrix should change to a square. Here is the order for that matrix column, from top to bottom:
  • Lower Right Flipper EOS switch
  • Lower Right Flipper button
  • Lower Left Flipper EOS switch
  • Lower Left Flipper button
  • Upper Right Flipper EOS switch
  • Upper Right Flipper button
  • Upper Left Flipper EOS switch
  • Upper Left Flipper button
  If the EOS switches aren't working on a Fliptronics or later game, check the continuity with a DMM from the switch to the CPU board (on WPC-95), or the Fliptronics board (on earlier games). On pre WPC-95 games, these direct EOS switches go to the Fliptronics board connector J906 and the flipper opto switches go to J905. On WPC-95 games, the direct EOS switches go to the CPU board connector J208 and the flipper switches go to CPU board connector J212. Non-fliptronics games have the flipper switches and EOS switches wired directly to the flippers, and don't connect to any board.
• On fliptronics games, if the flipper button doesn't register in the above test, check the flipper opto boards. Flipper opto boards were implemented on Addams Family, mid-production (some Addams have them, some don't). Also if the game uses plastic flipper opto activators, often these can warp. This will cause the activator to not clear the "U" shapped opto on the flipper opto board, causing a flipper to never energize!
• On fliptronics (before WPC-95) games, there can be a very rare and unusual problem with the fliptronics board. There is +50 volts power at the flipper coils (and the coils & diodes are good), but flipper switches just don't seem to work. This can be caused by a failed flipper switch input chip at location U5 (74HCT244) on the fliptronics board.

Optos are used on fliptronics flipper switches. Note the plastic activator arm that moves between the "U" shaped optos. Originally Williams made these from metal, but switched to plastic to save money. The plastic version can often warp so they don't clear the opto, causing a flipper not to work.

If the flipper button works fine in diagnostics, but the flipper doesn't work...
All WPC Games:
• Check for +50 volts at the flipper coil. Put the DMM on DC voltage. Put the black lead on ground (metal side rail of game). Put the red lead on either of the outside lugs of the coil. A reading of 50 to 80 volts on either lug should be indicated. No voltage means (the coin door is open on 1993 or later games or) a fuse is blown, or a wire has broken.
• Test the coil itself. To do this, turn the game on and leave it in attract mode. Then attach an alligator test lead to ground (metal side rail of game), and momentarily touch the other end of the test lead to the middle lead of the flipper coil. The coil should activate. This works on both Fliptronics and non-Fliptronic WPC games.
• Check the flipper coil with a DMM set to ohms. With the game turned off, try this:
  • Notice the three solder lugs for the flipper coil. One of the outside lugs has both a thick and thin coil winding attached to it. This is the "common" lead.
  • Put one lead of the DMM on the outside common flipper lug (the one with the thin and thick coil windings attached to it).
  • Put the other lead of the DMM on the middle lug. A reading of about 4 ohms should be indicated. This is the high powered side of the coil.
  • Put the leads of the DMM on the two outside lugs of the coil. For fliptronics games, a reading of about 125 ohms should be seen. For non-fliptronics games, a litle more than 4 ohms should be seen until the the flipper is moved manually to the full extended position, opening the EOS switch. Now about 125 ohms should be indicated.
  • If approximately these readings are not seen, the flipper coil is bad. Typically the hold side of the coil goes bad more often that the power side.
• Test the flipper diodes. To do this cut one lead of each diode off the coil lug. Then set the DMM to the diode setting. Put the black lead of the DMM on the banded side of the diode. A reading of .5 volts should be seen. Reverse the leads and no (null) reading should be shown. When done, re-attach each diode lead.

If the flipper works, but...

Non-Fliptronics Games:
• Flipper seems to work fine, but gets very hot and eventually starts to burn and smell. Often the flipper will get stuck in the "up" position. On non-fliptronic games, the EOS switch contacts are not opening when the flipper is fully extended. Or the EOS switch capacitor has shorted on.
Fliptronics Games:
• When activated, doesn't hold up (the flipper "flutters"). This means the hold TIP102 transistor for that flipper is bad, or the hold winding on the coil itself is broken. The hold winding on the coil is the thin wire. If it is broken, usually the wire has broken away from one of the solder lugs (the middle lug should have both the thick and thin wire attached to it). Test the coil first (see above) before replacing the transistor.
• Flipper coil gets really hot after playing the game for a while. This is often a dirty flipper optic on the flipper board next to the flipper buttons. It could also be a bad LM339 chip at U4 and/or U6 on the Fliptronics board (or U25/U26 on a WPC-95 CPU board). An easy way to see if it's the LM339 chip or the optics is to swap the two flipper optic boards, and see if the problem changes to the other flipper. A dirty flipper switch "U" optic can essentially cause the flipper button to automatically turn on and off quickly (even when the player is not pressing the button), making the flipper coil warm.
• Flipper seems to work fine, but gets very hot and eventually starts to burn and smell. Often the flipper will get stuck in the "up" position. On fliptronic games, the hold TIP102 transistor for that flipper is shorted on, and needs to be replaced.
• When a game is started, all the flippers activate for a moment, then go dead. This can be caused by having the flipper switch board connectors removed from the Fliptronics board. With the connector removed, the game thinks all the flipper buttons are pressed. The flippers go dead because the secondary 50 volt power fuse blows.
• The flipper stays up for a moment after the flipper button is released. This happens on fliptronic games that have plastic activators which activate the flipper board optos. Sometimes the plastic's elasticity is lost, causing it not to spring back quickly when the button is released. Replace this plastic flipper activator. A temporary solution is to stretch a rubber band across the back of the plastic activator for additional tension. Flipper opto boards were implemented on Addams Family, mid-production (some Addams have them, some don't).
• Flippers work fine, but the flipper buttons do not work in video mode or high score entry mode. On games with flipper optic switch boards, there are two "U" shaped optic on each board. Games with 2 or 3 flippers often use one of the two "U" optics for the flippers, and the other for video mode and high score entry. This problem could be caused by this second "U" optic being bad, dirty, or there is a problem with the plastic activator not clearing the second "U" optic.

If one or both flippers are weak...
Non-Fliptronics Games:
• Rebuild the flippers. Play and wear in the flipper parts is the primary reason for weak flippers. A mushroomed flipper plunger dragging against the coil sleeve is a classic cause of weak flippers.
• Make sure there is about 1/16" up and down play on the flipper. To test this, from the top of the playfield, grab the plastic flipper and pull up. There should be some play. If not, the flipper could be binding on the nylon playfield insert. This gap is adjustable from under the playfield by changing the flipper pawl's grip on the flipper shaft.
• Make sure the EOS (end of stroke) switch is properly adjusted. On non-fliptronics games, the EOS switch should open no more than 1/16" to 1/8" at the end of the flipper stroke. If the EOS switch is misadjusted, this can cause a slightly weaker flipper on old and new WPC games.
• On non-fliptronics games, file clean the EOS switch contacts and the cabinet flipper switches. These are high-voltage tungsten switch contacts, and a metal file will be needed to clean them. These switch contacts often become pitted and tarnished, and resistance develops, weakening flippers.
• Check the flipper power connections. On non-fliptronics games, this is connectors J109 and J110 on the power driver board. Make sure the solder joints on these board header pins are not cracked, and that the connector and header pins are in good shape.
• Check the bridge and capacitor that supplies voltage for all coils (BR3 and C8). An open diode in the bridge rectifier that supplies power to the flippers can cause weak flippers. A fatigued or cracked solder joint on this bridge (or its associated capacitor) can do that too. Soldering jumper wires from the bridge to its associated capacitor is a good idea. This is rare, but does happen. This problem will effect BOTH flippers equally. See the section, Testing Bridge Rectifiers for more information.
Fliptronics Games:
• Rebuild the flippers. Play and wear in the flipper parts is the primary reason for weak flippers. A mushroomed flipper plunger dragging against the coil sleeve is a classic cause of weak flippers.
• Make sure there is about 1/16" up and down play on the flipper. To test this, from the top of the playfield, grab the plastic flipper and pull up. There should be some play. If not, the flipper could be binding on the nylon playfield insert. This gap is adjustable from under the playfield by changing the flipper pawl's grip on the flipper shaft.
• Make sure the EOS (end of stroke) switch is properly adjusted. On games with electronic flippers (fliptronics), the EOS switch should close right at the end of stroke, and not prematurely. If the EOS switch is misadjusted, this can cause a slightly weaker flipper on old and new WPC games.
• On WPC fliptronics and later games, try cleaning the "U" shaped optics on the cabinet flipper opto boards. Use a Q-tip and some Windex to clean them. Also make sure the opto activator bars fully clear the optos when the cabinet switch is pressed. If one weak flipper still exists, try swapping the cabinet flipper opto boards (remember, both flipper boards must be plugged in for this to work!). If the weak flipper problem moves to the other flipper, the opto board's optic has become faulty, and it will need to be replaced with a new "U" shaped optic. A marginal cabinet flipper board optic, even if clean, can cause a weak flipper. Replace if in doubt. Also check the opto switch with your multimeter. With the game on and your meter set to DC volts, on the flipper opto board measure the connector pin marked SW1 and SW2 against ground. A measure of below 0.7 volts (below 1V is OK) should be shown, with the button pressed. A higher reading means a dirty or defective opto switch. If cleaning does not remedy the problem, replace the opto switch. NOTE Later WPC-95 pinballs use a Schmitt Trigger opto switch (3 legs on the receiver, 2 on the transmitter) which eliminates this problem. The Schmitt trigger optos will not oscillate (turn on and off quickly, making the flipper weak) when the optics gets dirty. They usually either work, or don't work.
• On WPC fliptronics to WPC-S, replace the U4 and/or U6 LM339 chips on the Fliptronics board. On WPC-95 games, replace U25 and/or U26 on the CPU board (since these games don't have fliptronics boards). Although these don't fail often, then can cause weak flippers. See "WPC Fliptronics Flipper Optos" in the switch matrix section for more details.
• Check the flipper power connections. On WPC fliptronics to WPC-S games, this is connector J907 and J902 on the fliptronics board. On WPC-95 this is connectors J119 and J120 on the power driver board. Make sure the solder joints on these board header pins are not cracked, and that the connector and header pins are in good shape.
• On WPC fliptronics to WPC-S games, check the fliptronics board bridge rectifier (BR1). On non-fliptronics games, check the bridge and capacitor that supplies voltage for all coils (BR3 and C8). An open diode in the bridge rectifier that supplies power to the flippers can cause weak flippers. A fatigued or cracked solder joint on this bridge (or its associated capacitor) can do that too. Soldering jumper wires from the bridge to its associated capacitor is a good idea. This is rare, but does happen. This problem will effect BOTH flippers equally. See the section, Testing Bridge Rectifiers for more information.

While playing a game, a flipper gets weaker and weaker. The longer the machine is left on, whether playing or not, the flipper will still get weaker until it won't work at all...
Fliptronics Games:
• Dirty optic switches on the flipper board can cause this. Try cleaning them with Windex and a Q-tip.
• Failing optic switches on the flipper optic board can cause this too. Try swapping the left and right flipper boards. See if the problem switches to the other flipper. Remember, both flipper boards must be plugged in for this to work!
• On WPC fliptronics to WPC-S games, failing LM339 voltage comparators at U4 and/or U6 on the fliptronics board. On WPC-95 games, replace U25 and/or U26 on the CPU board (since these games don't have fliptronics boards). Although these don't fail often, they can cause weak flippers. Do this as a last resort. See "WPC Fliptronics Flipper Optos" in the switch matrix section for more details.

Flipper coil gets very hot...
Non-Fliptronics Games:
• Check the EOS switch to make sure it is adjusted properly, and that the contacts are clean and filed. The EOS switch should open 1/16" to 1/8" when the flipper is fully extended (on non-fliptronics games).
Fliptronics Games:
• On WPC fliptronics and later games, if there is a marginal flipper switch reading, this causes the high powered side of the flipper to rapidly oscillate between on and off. The holding side of the flipper coil never engages. This problem will cause the flipper coil to get very hot in a short time. First try cleaning the flipper board optics. If this doesn't work, the LM339's on the Fliptronics board at U4 and/or U6 (or CPU board on WPC-95 at U25 and/or U26) will need to be replaced.
• Bad regulation of the 12 volt power to the optos can cause the flipper coils to get hot too. Though rare, the 7812 voltage regulator on the power driver board could be failing, or the electrolytic filter capacitor for the 12 volts.

Flipper gets stuck in the up position...
If the flipper is stuck in the up position, turn the game off. If the flipper falls back, the problem is electrical. If the flipper stays up, the problem is mechanical.

Mechanical "Stuck Up" Problem:

• Check the EOS switches and the flipper pawl. Often the rubber coating on the flipper pawl that contacts the EOS switch will wear. This causes the flipper pawl to hang up on the end of the EOS switch. The end of the EOS switch can even get torn and fray from this. See "Rebuilding Flippers" for information on fixing this. Also if the flipper coil stop get mushroomed, this will increase the flipper plunger travel. This will make it easier for the flipper pawl to stick on the EOS switch.
• Flipper too tight inside the playfield flipper bushing. This causes binding between the playfield bushing and the flipper crank assembly. There should be about a 1/32" gap. If the flipper paddle doesn't have any vertical movement, it's too tight. Use the flipper adjustment tool included with the game to fit this (see rebuilding flippers for more info).
• Check the flipper return spring. Is it broken or missing?

Electrical "Stuck Up" Problem:
Non-Fliptronics Games:
• Make sure the cabinet flipper switch is adjusted properly, and not stuck closed.
Fliptronics Games:
• Flipper cabinet switch is bad. On games with opto flipper cabinet switches, check the two opto boards. A bad or dirty opto can cause this problem. Flipper opto boards were implemented on Addams Family, mid-production (some Addams have them, some don't). On pre-opto flipper switch WPC games, check/clean the mechanical cabinet flipper switch.
• Flipper gets very hot and eventually starts to burn and smell. This means the hold TIP102 transistor for that flipper is shorted on, and needs to be replaced.
• Flipper immediately energizes and stays up when a game is started, or when the game turns on. The TIP36 transistor that controls the high voltage side of the coil is shorted on, and needs to be replaced.
• Addams Family ONLY: The Addams Family pinball was the first Williams solidstate "fliptronics" game. It was the only game to use a "Fliptronics I" board (all later games used a "Fliptronics II" board). The Fliptronics I board has a unique personality. If both diodes on the right flipper coil (upper or lower) are missing or broken, as soon as the right flipper cabinet button is pressed in a game, both right flippers will stick in the "up" position. The right flippers will not release until the left flipper cabinet button is pressed! Note this MAY also happen if one diode on each right flipper coil is bad too. This problem can also happen to the left flipper, and is still related to coil diode failure. To fix this, check both right flipper coils and make sure the diodes are not broken or missing. Also make sure the left flipper coil's diodes are present and not damaged. Finally, sometimes a bad flipper diode will cause the Fliptronics I board's TIP102 hold transistor to fail. If the problem still exists after replacing the diodes on all the flipper coils, check the TIP102 hold transistor on the Fliptronics board.

Flipper problems should be addressed by at least one of the above.

Lights controlled by the CPU (not the General Illumination lights), are controlled in a similar fashion as a switch matrix. That is, there are eight lamp rows, and eight lamp columns. This gives a total of 64 CPU controllable lamps. These lamps are powered by +18 volts DC. This voltage is strobed (turned on and off very quickly), and hence the final power to the lamps is about 6 volts.

The lamp columns are controlled by TIP107 transistors that switch the +18 volts on and off many times within a second. The lamp rows are controlled by TIP102 transistors that switch the ground on and off. Because the TIP107's source the current (instead of sinking the ground like a TIP102), lamp column TIP107 transistors go bad more often than TIP102 lamp row transistors.

Non-Working Lamps.
If certain individual lamps do not work (but others do, indicating the lamp matrix is functioning), there are several things to check. If the lamp is mounted in a standard socket, these sockets can become "loose" and go bad. A "loose" socket allows air (and moisture) to get between the parts, causing corrosion. Also the wires going to lamp socket are "daisy chained" from other sockets. Did a lamp wire break "up stream"?

Circuit board mounted lamps have different problems. The most common is cracked header pins on lamp circuit board. The connector header pins soldered to the lamp's circuit board can crack right at the board. Resoldering the header pins can fix this. Also the diodes can break on the circuit board. For circuit board mounted 555 lamps, this can happen due to vibration. This will make the lamp not function. Finally, check the IDC (Insulation Displacement Connector) on the lamp circuit board. These can have problems too.

Overly Bright Lamps.
When a transistor or diode goes bad, generally it shorts on. If a transistor shorts on in the lamp matrix, it can make all the lamps in that row or column appear permanently on, and be very bright. It can also make lamps that flash on and off appear brighter too. This happens because the lamp matrix is actually +18 volts that is continually turned on and off, a row or column at a time. This nets a lower +6 volts that the lamps require. The lamps are never allowed to get full brightness at +18 volts before being switched off. If a transistor has shorted on, a row or column of lamps will be turned on for a longer time, and hence be brighter.

All the computer controlled lamps in the lamp matrix should flash in attract mode, or in the "All Lamps Test" diagnostic test. If a number of lamps are just on (and they aren't general illumination lamps), there may be a lamp matrix transistor problem.

If a number of lamps are out, check the bulbs and fuses first. If a number of lamps are stuck on, check the game manual and see if they are in the same row or column. If so, test the individual transistor (see the Testing Transistors and Coils section) before replacing it.

No Lamp Matrix Lights Work, or are Confused.
If none of the lamp matrix lights are working, the obvious thing to check is the fuse. If the +18 volts is missing, none of the lamp matrix lights will work and the 18 volt LED will not be lit. This is powered through bridge BR1, fuse F114, LED6, and test point TP8 (on WPC-95 games diodes D11-D14, fuse F106, LED102, and TP102).

What if the fuse is good (which would indicate the bridge/diodes are good), the LED is lit, and the test point shows 18 volts DC? Yet the lamp matrix lights don't work, or are "confused"? With the power off, reseat the short ribbon cable that goes between the CPU and driver board (this will clean the connectors on this ribbon cable). Often this simple approach will solve the problem.

Lamp Matrix Fuse Keeps Failing (F114 or F106 on WPC-95).
If the lamp matrix 18 volt fuse keeps blowing (F114 or F106 on WPC-95), isolate the lamp matrix power from the rest of the game. This will determine if there is just a simple short or bad diode on the playfield, or if there is a bad rectifying bridge or diode on the power driver board.

On WPC-S and earlier, remove connectors J133-J138. On WPC-95, remove connectors J121-J126. Replace the blown fuse, and power the game on. If the fuse blows, the problem is probably a bad bridge BR-1 (WPC-S and prior) or bad diode D11-D14 (WPC-95). See the Game Resets (Bridge Rectifiers, Diodes and Caps) section of this document for testing or replacement.

If the fuse does not blow with the game powered on, replace the removed connectors one at a time. When the fuse blows, you have issolated the problem to the connector just installed. Most likely there is a playfield lamp socket shorted. Or if new bulbs were just installed, there may be a new bulb that is shorted (yes this does happen). Either way, the wires from the connector just installed can be traced, and the short located.

Left: #44/47 lamp, socket and the orientation of the diode. Note the banded end of the diode goes to the "middle" lamp lug. The non-banded end goes to the lamp's tip lug. Right: The playfield socket used for 555 lamps. The small metal tabs on the outside of the socket often get bent. This prevents a good connection to the board on which they plug. Bend them back for better contact.

Left: the component (lamp) side of a lamp board. Note the 1N4004 diodes mounted to the board, and the use of 555 bulbs. The diodes can crack if soldered too tightly to the board, causing the bulb to not work. Right: the solder (socket) side of a lamp board. Note the Molex header pins soldered here. Often these Molex pin solder joints crack or become fatiqued, preventing the lamp(s) from working.

Testing a diode on a lamp socket circuit board. The black lead is on the banded side of the diode.

Lamp Diodes (Lamps that don't work or work "twice").
Each CPU controlled lamp will have a diode associated with it. If this diode is bad (shorted on), it will cause other lamps in that row or column (or even another row or column) to turn on. This can usually be seen in the "All Lamps Test". The faulty row or column will light *twice* in a single lamp matrix sweep (once when it should be on, and a second time due to the short on *another* row or column re-lighting it). The lamp(s) in question are on twice as long as all the other CPU controlled lamps.

Another way to test this is to use the "Single Lamp" test. If two different lamps are on for a single lamp test, there may be a short, a bad diode, or a bad transistor.

If a lamp diode has broken (become open), or is disconnected from the lamp socket, its lamp will not light. Broken diodes can happen on circuit board mounted lamps (555 style bulbs). If the diode was inserted and soldered into the circuit board "tightly", the diode can crack due to mechanical stress and vibration. During the soldering process, the diode body can elongate slightly. When it cools, the diode shrinks back, adding more stress. If there's no other place for that stress to be dissipated, the diode body is the weakest link, and it can crack.

Two Lamps On Instead of One.
If a lamp diode is shorted on (or installed incorrectly), a bad TIP107/TIP102 transistor, or just a short on the playfield lamp matrix, can cause two lamps to act as one. This can be seen in the "Single Lamp Test". Each individual lamp in the lamp matrix (as displayed on the screen) should flash. The "+" and "-" buttons will move the test from one lamp to another. If TWO lamps flash in this test instead of just one, suspect this lamp has having a bad or mis-installed lamp diode, or it's associated TIP107/TIP102 transistors as bad, or just a short between two row or column wires.

It is pretty easy to tell which problem it is. First reference the game manual, and figure out which rows/columns are the problem. To do this, note all the lamps that "double light", and see what row/column they occupy. A pattern should be seen, with the double lights being all in the same row or column. As shown in the previously mentioned Transistor Testing section, test the related TIP107 and TIP102 transistors (as indicated in the manual for the related rows/columns) for a problem.

If that checks out OK, next look for a short and/ or bad lamp diode on the playfield. This is easy to test; just remove the lamp matrix plugs from the power driver board (these connections are shown a few paragraphs below). Using the DMM set to ohms, see if the associated row/column wires are shorted to each other on the disconnected lamp matrix plugs (not on the driver board!). If two lines buzz out with zero ohms, there is a short or bad diode on the playfield somewhere. Shorts happen often from solder drips when someone resolders a coil under the playfield. These solder drips often land on the lamp boards under the playfield, on the header pins, shorting two together.

Testing a Lamp Diode.
In order to test a lamp diode, use the DMM set to diode test. Put the black test lead on the banded side of the diode. A reading of .4 to .6 volts should be indicated. Reverse the leads and put the red lead on the banded side of the diode. A null reading should be shown. Any other reading and this lamp's 1N4004 diode should be replaced. The light bulb doesn't need to be removed, nor does the diode need to be desoldered to perform this test. Also test the diode soldered to the circuit boards that hold the 555 lamps in the same manner (but remove the connector and the 555 lamp before testing).

Common Connectors.
There are several lamp matrix connectors which are common on the power driver board. Here are the breakdowns:

WPC and WPC-S

• J133, J134, J135 = Lamp Rows (all wired identical)
• J137, J138 (large plug), J136 (small 3 pin plug) = Lamp Columns (J137, J138 wired identical)

WPC-95

• J124, J125, J126 = Lamp Rows (all wired identical)
• J121, J123 (large plug), J122 (small 3 pin plug) = Lamp Columns (J121, J123 wired identical)

With this in mind, on a WPC-95 game for example, connectors at J124 and J125 and J126 can be mixed up, because they are plug compatiable.

Testing the lamp matrix rows using two test leads, a 555 socket (pulled temporarily from the playfield), and a 1N4004 diode on a WPC-95 game. One test lead is attached to column connector J121 pin 1 (J137 on WPC-S and prior) on the driver board, and is stationary. The other end is attached to the light socket. Another test lead is connected to the second lead of the lamp socket. A diode is clamped into the other end of the test lead. Then the banded side of the diode is touched to each pin of row connector J124 (J133 on WPC-S and prior). The "all lamps" test should flash the lamp for each pin.

Testing the Lamp Rows.
If a TIP102 transistor that drives a lamp row is suspected as bad, test it:

1. Remove the backglass and fold down the display to gain access to the Driver board.
2. Turn the game on.
3. After the game boots, press the "Begin Test" button in the front door. Go to the Test menu's "All Lamp Test" test.
4. Unplug the row connectors at J133 (or J124 on WPC-95) and column connector at J137 (or J121 on WPC-95). These are on the lower right portion of the Driver board.
5. Connect an alligator test lead to column connector pin 1 of J137 (or J124 on WPC-95). Pin 1 is the right most pin, as facing the board.
6. Connect the other end of this test lead to one lead of a 555 light socket. One can be temporarily borrowed from a playfield lamp (make sure it's a working lamp first!).
7. Connect another test lead to the second lead of the 555 light socket.
8. On the other end of the test lead, clip on a 1N4004 diode, with the non-banded end away from the alligator lead.
9. Touch the non-banded end of the diode to row connector J133 (or J124 on WPC-95) pin 1. Again, pin 1 is the right most pin, as facing the board.
10. The lamp should flash.
11. Move the diode/alligator lead on row connector J133 (or J124 on WPC-95) to the next pin. Again, the lamp should flash.
12. Repeat the previous step, until the last pin of row connector J133 (or J124 on WPC-95) is reached.

If a lamp row tested doesn't give a flashing test lamp, that row is bad (or the test diode is reversed!). No light or a non-flashing, bright lamp are signs that the respective TIP102 row transistor is bad. Test the transistor as described in Testing Transistors and Coils.

Testing the lamp matrix columns using two test leads, a 555 socket (pulled temporarily from the playfield), and a 1N4004 diode on a WPC-95 game. One test lead is attached to row connector J124 pin 1 (J133 on WPC-S and prior) on the driver board, and is stationary. The other end is attached to the light socket. Another test lead is connected to the second lead of the lamp socket. A diode is clamped into the other end of the test lead. Then the non-banded side of the diode is touched to each pin of column connector J121 (J137 on WPC-S and prior). The "all lamps" test should flash the lamp for each pin.

Testing the Lamp Columns.
If a TIP107 transistor that drives a lamp column is suspected as bad, test it:

1. Remove the backglass and fold down the display, to gain access to the Driver board.
2. Turn the game on.
3. After the game boots, press the "Begin Test" button in the front door. Go to the Test menu's "All Lamp Test" test.
4. Unplug the row connectors at J133 (or J124 on WPC-95) and column connector at J137 (or J121 on WPC-95). These are on the lower right portion of the Driver board.
5. Connect an alligator test lead to row connector pin 1 of J133 (or J121 on WPC-95). Pin 1 is the right most pin, as facing the board.
6. Connect the other end of this test lead to one lead of a 555 light socket. One can be temporarily borrowed from a playfield lamp (make sure the lamp works first!).
7. Connect another test lead to the second lead of the 555 light socket.
8. On the other end of the test lead, clip on a 1N4004 diode, with the banded end away from the alligator lead.
9. Touch the banded end of the diode to column connector J137 (or J121 on WPC-95) pin 1. Again, pin 1 is the right most pin, as facing the board.
10. The lamp should flash.
11. Move the diode/alligator lead on column connector J137 (or J121 on WPC-95) to the next pin. Again, the lamp should flash.
12. Repeat the previous step, until the last pin of column connector J137 (or J121 on WPC-95) is reached.

If a lamp column tested doesn't give a flashing test lamp, that column is bad (or the test diode is reversed!). No light or a non-flashing, bright lamp are signs that the respective column TIP107 transistor is bad. Test the transistor as described in Testing Transistors and Coils.

Most Common Problems with Lamps.

• Bad bulb. Any light bulb can burn out. Often it can visually be seen the bulb is burnt, but sometimes it can't. Test the bulb with the DMM, set to continuity. Put the test leads on the bulb. No continuity, and the bulb is bad.
• Wire broken away from the socket. This happens quite often and requires re-soldering the wire back to the socket lug. On lamp sockets, wires are "daisy chained" from other sockets. Did a wire break "up stream" in the chain?
• Cracked header pins on circuit board mounted lamps. The connector header pins soldered to the lamp's circuit board can crack. Resoldering the header pins can fix this.
• Diode broken away from the socket. If the lamp diode becomes disconnected from its socket, the lamp will not light.
• Diode broken on the circuit board. For circuit board mounted 555 lamps, the diode can fail due to vibration. This will make the lamp not function.
• Corroded or Bad Socket. Re-seating the bulb in its socket can sometimes fix this problem, but often replacing the socket is the only choice. On 555 plug-in sockets, bend the contact tabs slightly for better contact.
• Blown Fuse. If several lights don't work, check the fuse associated with them.
• Burned Connector on the Driver board. This happens most often with GI (general illumination) lamps. See Burnt GI Connectors for more info.
• Bad Column Transistor. The TIP107 transistors that control the lamp matrix columns often fail. If this is the case, all the lamps in a particular column will be brightly locked on, or can turn on and off much brighter than other lamps.
• Two Lamps act as One. If a lamp diode has a shorted on, this can cause two different lamps to act as one. A bad TIP107 transistor can cause this too.

Burnt +18 Volt BR1 Bridge or WPC-95 Diodes D11-D14.
This problem is strange, but a lot more common than one might think. The +18 volt (lamp columns) bridge or WPC-95 diodes get excessively hot and burns. I've seen this where the driver board is black from the heat. This happens because the lamp matrix is demanding more power than the circuit is designed to handle. Eventually the associated fuse F114 or F106 (WPC-95) will blow. Note the BR1 bridge or WPC-95 diodes D11-D14 are probably OK. If these were bad, the fuse F114 or F106 (WPC-95) would blow immediately.

The reason for the burned bridge or diodes is simple; for some reason, one (or more!) of the lamp columns is stuck "on". Remember, the lamp matrix uses 12 volts, but this is derived by strobing (turning on and off very quickly) 18 volts. If a column locks on, instead of getting 12 volts, the full 18 volts is delivered. This added voltage puts stress on the lamp column circuit, and causes the +18 volt BR1 bridge or WPC-95 diodes D11 to D14 to get really hot (and their associated fuse to eventually blow). To fix this, first check all the TIP107 column driver transistors (see the Checking Transistors section). Also see the next section too, on problems other than the transistors.

All the Lamp Transistors are Good, so What's Next?
If none of the lamp matrix transistors have failed, then next suspect the ULN2803 (U19 or U11 on WPC-95), or maybe the 74LS374 (U18 or U10 on WPC-95). If the TIP107 transistors are OK, the ULN2803 is probably the culprit. An easy way to tell if the lamp matrix has a problem is to notice the controlled lamps right when the game is turned on. If any playfield lamps flash on right at power-on (and the lamp matrix transistors are good), there may be a problem with the ULN2803 driver chip.

If the lamp matrix still does not work, the next thing to check are the LM339 chips at U15/U16 (or U16/U17 on WPC-95). If one of these LM339 chips are bad, part of the lamp matrix will not work. If the entire lamp matrix is not working, also check resistors R150-R153/R172-R173 (or R225, R228, R231, R234, R237, R240 on WPC-95) for proper ground, as one side of all these resistors are tied to ground. Likewise, capacitors C13-C20 (or C32-C39 on WPC-95) are also tied to ground.

When a switch closes, it informs the CPU to score points, award a feature, and/or to activate a solenoid. If a switch is stuck closed for a coil (such as a pop bumper switch), the CPU will ignore this switch. Therefore the pop bumper will not work.

If a switch is not activated in 30 games, or is permanently closed, the switch is assumed to be bad. This will create a test report, which is shown when the game is turned on or when the coin door test button is pushed. If a particular feature of a game is difficult to score, it's associated switch may be (falsely) assumed bad (if not activated in 30 games). To correct the test report, remove the playfield glass, and activate the switch by hand within a game, or within the diagnostics switch edge test.

All switches on a WPC game (except for the direct switches, which includes flipper, EOS, and test button switches) are in the "switch matrix". The switch matrix on a WPC game is controlled by eight switch columns, and eight switch rows. the cross-section of any row and column designates any one of the potential 64 different switches.

The Chips that Control the Switch Matrix.
The switch columns are controlled by a single 18 pin ULN2803 chip on the CPU board at position U20. The switch rows are controlled by two LM339 chips on the CPU board at positions U18 and U19. The direct switch rows are controlled by two LM339 chips on the CPU board at positiion U16 and U17. These chip designations apply to all WPC generations.

On WPC-S and WPC-95 games, the ULN2803 that controls the switch columns on the CPU board is socketed. On all other WPC games up to 1994 this chip is not socketed. When a series of switches goes out, it tends to be the ULN2803 at U20 (all WPC revisions) that fails. Williams recognized this, and started socketing this chip with WPC-S. On WPC-S CPU boards, the ULN2803 chip is underneath the battery sub-board. ULN2803 is equivalent to NTE2018. If U20 dies "hard", it could also blow the 74LS374 at U14 (on WPC-95 it's U23, a 74HC237) on the CPU board.

The LM339 chips that control the switch rows at U18 and U19 (all WPC revisions) tend to fail less often. LM339 is equivalent to NTE834. There are also two more LM339 CPU board chips at U16 and U17 (all WPC revisions). These two chips control the direct switches (coin door, diagnostics, etc). These do not fail often either.

There are also LM339 chips used on the under-the-playfield optic board (if the game has one). If any one of these LM339 chips fail (common), the switch matrix will be confused. When there is a switch problem that can not be diagnosed, replace all the LM339 chips on the under-the-playfield optic board, and use sockets.

The Switch Matrix Power Fuse.
If fuse F115 (WPC-S or earlier) or fuse F101 (WPC-95) opens (blows), the switch matrix will not work (and hence none of the playfield switches will work). This fuse supplies the +12 volts needed to operate the switch matrix.

Check TP3 on the Driver board for +12 volts.
Using the DMM multi-meter set to DC volts, check for +12 volts at TP3 (test point 3) on the driver board (while the game is on). If +12 volts isn't there, the switch matrix will never work. Also check for +12 volts at the "+" lead of bridge rectifier BR1 (the "indented" lead of the bridge) on the driver board (WPC-S and before). Occassionally the solder joints on this bridge will fail, therefore not providing +12 volts to the switch matrix (see the "Game Resets" section of this document, and solder jumper wires under the board as shown in that section).

How does the Game know the Switch Matrix doesn't work?
There is ONE switch in all WPC games called "always closed" (always switch 24 on all WPC games). This switch is monitored by the CPU board. If it sees this switch as open, the game knows there is a switch matrix problem (perhaps no +12 volts!). Also if the connectors are not attached on the CPU board at J206, J207, J208 and J209, the CPU board can be confused about switch 24. For example, if fuse F115 (or F101 on WPC-95) was blown, removing these connectors for testing purposes, the game will probably give an error until the fuse is replaced AND the connectors put back on. These connectors may have to be removed to determine if the switch problem was on the CPU board or in the playfield wiring. (The easiest way to determine this is to disconnect all four switch matrix playfield plugs from the bottom right of the CPU board {connectors J206-J209}. If the error goes away, there is a playfield short. If the error stays, there is a problem on the CPU board.)

Shorting the Switch Matrix to +50 volts.
When in a hurry, the repair person may make an under playfield adjustment with the game turned on. If the coin door is closed, or the game doesn't have a coin door interlock switch, it is easy to short a coil lead (+50 volts) to a switch lead with a screwdriver. This will immediately blow the switch matrix power fuse (F115 on WPC-S or earlier, or F101 on WPC-95), and fry the ULN2803 at U20 on the CPU board. There is a good chance the 74LS374 at U14 (on WPC-95 it's U23, a 74HC237) will fail too on the CPU board. On WPC-S or later games, the U20 chip is socketed (but not the U14, or U23 on WPC-95).

After Replacing CPU Chip U20, the Fuse does not Blow, but Many Switches show in the Test Report.
This is very common. The CPU is confused from the blown U20 switch matrix chip, and will report many switches as "bad" in the test report. To "unconfuse" the game, go into diagnostic, and select the first switch test (T.1, switch edges). Using a pinball, manually activate the switches that came up in the test report (see the game manual for their location, if they can't be found). The switches should report correctly on the display in this test mode. After activating each switch once, exit the diagnostics, and the game should work normally. Alternatively, if the game will allow it, just play a game! This is often all that is needed to clear the test report.

Still Switch Matrix Problems after Replacing U20.
There can still be problems after replacing the fuse and U20 and U14/U23 CPU chips. For example, activating a switch in a column will trigger other switches in that same column.

At this point, disconnect all four switch input plugs from the bottom of the CPU board. Put the game into switch diagnostic test T.1, and none of the switches should be activated! If a whole row of switches is activated, that would mean that row's LM339 is bad. If just one or two switches are activated, plug the four bottom connectors back in and disconnect the ribbon cable that goes between the CPU and the power driver board. If the switch matrix confusion clears up, the problem in on the power driver board! This could be U7 and/or U8 (WPC-S and prior) on the driver board, which are 4N25 opto issolators used for some of the direct switches.

There are also LM339 chips used on the under-the-playfield optic board (if the game has one). If any one of these LM339 chips fail (common), the switch matrix will be confused. When there is a switch problem that can not be diagnosed, replace all the LM339 chips on the under-the-playfield optic board, and use sockets.

I replaced F115 (or F101 on WPC-95), and the Fuse keeps Blowing.
If the switch matrix +12 volt fuse (F115 or F101 on WPC-95) keeps blowing immediately when replaced, check these things out.

With the game off, replace fuse F115 (or F101), and remove connector J114 (or J101 on WPC-95) from the power driver board. Turn the game on (the game will complain when powered on, but don't worry about that).

If the switch matrix fuse F115 (or F101) does blow with connector J114 (or J101 on WPC-95) removed, then there is a problem on the CPU board. This usually means the CPU board chip U20 (ULN2803A) is probably blown. Replace U20 (use a socket!), and reconnect J114 (or J101), and the problem should be solved. Sometimes U14 on the CPU board (U23 on WPC-95) will also need to be replaced. See the section on fuses for more information on what other problems can cause this fuse to blow.

If the switch matrix fuse F115 (or F101) does not blow (and the +12 volt LED is lit on the power driver board), then there probably is a short somewhere in the playfield wiring or on an opto board under the playfield. The opto boards under the playfield have large blue resistors, and one to four LM339 chips. By disconnecting the power to this opto board (there is a red LED on these boards showing power) and turning the game on with connector J114/J101 connected, the opto board can eliminated or be the culprit (if fuse F115/F101 blows).

If the problem is still present, Check for solder splashes and maybe a nut/bolt that has fallen somewhere and has caused a playfield short. Shorts on the playfield are quite common. Somewhere, the 20 volt lamp matrix or flashlamp circuit is getting shorted to the switch matrix. Or the 50 volt solenoid voltage is getting shorted to the switch matrix. Look under the playfield for lamp and solenoid wire lugs that are close to switch lugs. The problem could also be on the top of the playfield. Perhaps a errant pinball knocked a lamp socket into a switch lug, causing a permanent or intermittent short.

If nothing can be found, here is a techinque to help find which switch is shorted:

1. After replacing the U20 on the CPU board with a socket, remove the ULN2803 chip.
2. Turn the game on. With the CPU chip U20 removed, the game will complain with test reports, but ignore it.
3. Using a DMM, set the meter to DC volts.
4. Put the black lead of the DMM on ground (the side rail of the game works well for this).
5. Put the red lead of the DMM on pin 1 of the empty U20 socket.
6. If the DMM reads anything over ~13 volts (for example 18 or even 70 volts), there is a permanent short for that switch matrix column. Check all eight playfield switches in that switch column for a short.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 for all pins on the U20 socket.
8. If no voltage over 13 volts is found, put the red lead of the DMM back on CPU socket U20 pin 1.
9. Press each playfield the switches on the playfield. If the DMM reads anything over ~13 volts (for example 18 or even 70 volts), check that target for a physical short to another voltage (flash lamp power, solenoid power, etc.)
10. Repeat steps 8 and 9 for all the pins of socket U20 on the CPU board, by depressing each playfield switch.

Switch Numbering.
Each switch has a number associated with it. This number is referenced in the game manual, and is shown in the diagnostics in the switch edge test. The switch number is always two digits: the first digit is the switch matrix column number, and the second digit is the switch matrix row number. For example, switch number "42" is the cross section of column 4, row 2. This is handy when trying to figure out if bad switches are all in the same row or column.

Both internal switch tests use this matrix to show which switches are activated. The two outside columns of dots are the direct ground switches; the left most dot column being the coin door switches, and the right most dot column being the flipper switches. The dots inside the square box are the 8 by 8 switch matrix. A square represents an activated switch, a dot means a non-activated switch. Notice the right most column inside the box is missing; this game doesn't use a switch matrix column 8, as it was not needed. Also the display shows the wire colors (WHT-BRN and GRN-BRN) going to the last activated switch. The "T.2" means this is test menu option #2.

Using the Internal Switch Tests.
To test switches, use the WPC internal test software. Press the "Begin Test" button, and go to the Test menu. Select the "switch edge" test. Activate any switch on the playfield using a pinball (this simulates real game play), and it should show on the game's display. The display will indicate the wire colors going to this switch, too.

Check for Broken Switch Wires "Up Stream" (Switches are "Daisy Chained").
Since the switch matrix is a series of eight columns and eight rows, the playfield switch wiring is "daisy chained". For example, check out a switch matrix row in the manual. For row one, the playfield switch in column three row one (switch 31) is wired before the playfield switch in column four row one (switch 41). So if the row one wire breaks off switch 31, all the switches "down stream" (41, 51, 61, 71, 81) will not work! This is one of the simpliest, and easily overlooked, switch matrix problems.

Another hint that the there is a switch matrix wire broken; If for any particular column and row other switches work, this indicates there probably is not a problem on the CPU board! If there was a column/row problem on the CPU board, it would most likely affect all the switches in that column or row.

Broken switch wires can also occur at the CPU connector too. Make sure to look at the connectors. The wires can fatique and break at the connector, inside the insulation!

If a Bad Switch is Found.
If a switch does not work, check these things:

• Check the switch wiring "up stream". Switches are wired in a "daisy chain". If a switch row or column wire breaks "up stream", ALL the switches daisy chained after the wire break in that row or column will not work!
• If it's a micro-switch, check the actuator arm. Make sure it's adjusted properly. Listen for the micro-switch's "click" when activating. No click usually means the switch is mis-adjusted or broken.
• Check that the wires going to the switch are soldered well, and haven't fallen off.
• Check the continuity (using the DMM's continuity setting) of the wire between this switch and another working switch in the same column (white wire) or row (green wire).
• If it's a blade or leaf style switch, check the contacts for proper closure. Clean the switch contacts with a business card (do NOT use a file as the contacts are gold plated). Put the card between the contacts, close the contacts, and pull the card through the contacts. This is all that is needed to clean gold plated switch contacts.
• Check the switch to make sure it works. Use the DMM's continuity setting, and put one lead on the "common" lug (the lug to which the banded end of the diode connects) of the switch. Put the other lead on the green (normally open) switch lug. The meter should only beep when the switch is activated, and not beep when the switch is de-activated. Move the DMM's lead from the green to the white wire (normally closed) switch lug. The meter should beep when the switch is de-activiated, and NOT beep when activated.
• Check the diode on the switch. Make sure the diode is connected properly, and is working (see below).
• Check other switches in that switch's row or column. A ULN2803 controls columns and a LM339 controls rows, and often a gate within these chip can fail. This will affect all the switches in that particular row or column.

If the switch is bad, replace it. If all the switches are bad in a particular switch column, replace the ULN2803 on the CPU board at U20. If all the switches in a row are bad, replace the LM339 at U18 or U19.

Slam Tilt Stuck Open error.
Upon turning the game on, a "slam tilt stuck open" error is shown, and the game just won't do anything past that. This can be as simple as the slam switch inside the coin door is bent closed. Or it could be some sort of CPU switch problem.

To issolate the problem, turn the game off and disconnect all the connectors from the bottom of the CPU board. Then turn the game back on. If the error is no longer shown, the problem is in the playfield or cabinet wiring/switches. If the error is still shown, the problem is in the CPU board itself. If the problem is on the CPU board, usually it's a problem with a ULN2803 or LM339 chip.

Upper Flipper Switch Bad, but my game doesn't have an Upper Flipper!
On Williams games that use flipper opto switch boards (Addams Family and later), the flipper opto boards have TWO switch optics. One optic controls the lower flipper, and the other controls the upper flipper. The same opto board is used on all games, even if the game has no upper flippers.

Unfortunately, on some games, the software can create a switch error "test report", if the game thinks the upper flipper board optic switch is bad (even if the game has no upper flippers, and is not using the switch). If the problem is really bothersome, the opto can be replaced. But often, the problem is mearly the metal or plastic flipper opto interuptor (the passes between the "U" of the opto switch) is never moving outside the "U". By bending the activator to clear the optic's "U", often this error message can be cleared.

Phantom Switch Closures: a Shorted Switch.
It's a strange problem. While playing a game, the ball goes down the right inlane, and the left slingshot fires! Or when making a ramp shot, the game slam tilts. One switch closes, but a completely unrelated event than occurs.

This is a classic problem of a shorted switch. It confuses the switch matrix into thinking something else has occurred. This can happen from an "air" pinball, that bashes an above playfield switch's contacts together, causing a short. Also a bad switch diode can do this too. In either case, the shorted switch needs to be found. Unfortunately, it won't be obvious. The switch matrix is confused, so any diagnostics the game provides will be of limited help.

First, try and find the "phantom" switch (the switch that causes something unrelated to happen). Take the playfield glass off, and start a game. Activate the switches with your hand, and find the phantom switch. Once the switch is found, go to the game manual and find the switch's number, row number, and column number. Say for example, switch 53 (column 5, row 3) is causing the phantom closure. Now get the other three switches that make up the "square" of this row and column. First get the reverse switch number, switch 35 (column 3, row 5). Then get the other two switches: switch 33 (column 3, row 3), and switch 55 (column 5, row 5). The switch short will probably be one of these four switches.

The 10 opto switch driver board as used in Indiana Jones and many other games. The three IC's are LM339 chips. The power plug for this board is on the left, next to the row of diodes. This board is mounted under the playfield.

Phantom Switches and Opto Switches.
If one of the phantom switches is an optic switch, there may be a problem with the under-the-playfield optic board. Williams also used optic light emitting diodes (LED's) for switches. These are controlled by sub-boards (opto driver boards), mounted under the playfield, which interpret the light signals and converts them to digital signals. This is done using LM339 chips on the opto driver board. If a LM339 goes bad, it will give the CPU board bad switch signals. This is interpretted as a bad switch column or row, when in fact, it's really a bad opto driver board. This can make an optic or non-optic switch row or column act wacky.

If there are phantom switches, the first and easiest thing to try is to disconnect the power to the under-the-playfield optic board. When the power plug is disconnected (usually the plug nearest the row of diodes) from the optic board (you can do this with the game on), the LED soldered to the optic board will turn off. Now re-test the switches. If the problem has changed, there is a bad optic board! If the problem has not changed, plug the optic board back in and move on.

If the optic board is at fault, replace ALL the LM339 chips on this board (there are usually two or three of them). These chips can not be tested easily. It is just easier to replace them all (use sockets!).

Some games (Shadow) with lots of optics can use a "opto24" board. This board can control up to 24 optics! Again, this is done using LM339 chips. In addition to this, there is also a 555 timer chip on the opto24 board. This too can fail, causing intermittent opto switch problems.

Bad Switch Diode.
Each micro-switch on the playfield also has an 1N4004 diode soldered to it. This diode can short closed. It doesn't happen often though. Important: If a switch diode does short closed, all switches in that particular column or row will exhibit strange behavior. If a switch diode goes permanently open, the switch will never register. Keep this in mind when diagnosing switch matrix problems.

Fail-Safe Diode Test.
A fail-safe way to test a switch diode is to disconnect one lead of the diode from the switch, to remove it from the circuit. Then use a DMM set to diode position. With the black lead on the banded side of the diode, a reading of .4 to .6 volt should be shown. Reverse the leads, and get a null reading. Reconnect the diode after testing, or replace if bad.

Testing a switch diode on a microswitch without removing the diode. Not the screw driver keeps the switch activated, and the middle green wire (ground) has been disconnected.

Testing a Microswitch's Diode, without removal.
The diode on a microswitch can be tested without unsoldering a diode lead from the switch. This technique assumes the switch is wired in the standard configuration: green (ground) wire to the center lug, the banded end of the diode to the far switch lug, and the non-banded diode lead and the switch wire(s) to the close switch lug (as shown in the pictures below).
• Disconnect the middle green (ground) wire from the switch. It should have a quick connector. If the middle green ground wire is soldered to the switch, ignore this test and do the above "fail-safe" diode test.
• Put the DMM on diode setting.
• Connect the black lead of the DMM to the diode's banded side, and the red lead to the non-banded side.
• Activate the switch.
• A reading of .4 to .6 should be shown on the meter.
• Reverse the DMM's leads (red lead to the diode's banded side), and keep the switch activated. A null meter reading should be indicated.

Testing a Blade/Leaf Switch's Diode.
Testing the diode on a leaf switch is far easier. No wires need to be disconnected, and the switch should not be activated. This technique assumes the switch is wired in the standard configuration: green (ground) wire to the center lug, the banded end of the diode solo, and the non-banded diode lead and the switch wire(s) to the other switch lug (as shown in the pictures below).

• Leave the leaf switch's diode and all wires connected.
• Make sure the switch isn't activated.
• Put the DMM on diode setting.
• Connect the black lead of the DMM to the diode's banded side, and the red lead to the non-banded side.
• A reading of .4 to .6 on the meter should be seen.
• Reverse the DMM's leads (red lead to the diode's banded side). A null meter reading should be indicated.

Testing a switch diode on a blade/leaf switch, without removing the diode. The switch doesn't need to be activated, and no wires need to be disconnected.

Installing a New Switch Diode.
The diode can be replaced with a new 1N4004 (or 1N4002 or 1N4001) diode. Make sure the new diode is installed with its band in the same orientation as the old diode (assuming it's correct!). If unsure, compare the diode's band orientation to a working switch and diode. Most (but not all!) switches have the green (column) leads connected to the center (normally open) lead of the switch. Then the white (row) wire is connected to the switch lead closest to the center lead (the normally closed lead). The banded end of the diode is connected solo to the far (common) switch leg, and the non-banded end is connected to the same leg as the white (row) wire. There are some exceptions to this mounting. The game manual should specify any non-standard switch installations (Bride of Pinbot's zero position head switch is one such exception).

Notice the orientation of the diode's band on these switches. On a micro-switch, the column (green) wire usually goes to the center lug, the row (white) wire and the non-banded side of the diode to the lug closest to the center. The band on the diode goes to the solo, far third switch lug. The leaf switch uses the same connection method (green to center, banded end of diode solo). Note there are some exceptions to this mounting.

Accidental Reversal of a MicroSwitch's Row and Column Leads (mis-wired switch causes switch matrix havok!).
If someone has installed a new microswitch, the row and column leads could be accidentally reversed to the switch. Say for example switch 48 is a microswitch in the game, and has the row and column wires accidentally reversed. The switch matrix will still reconized this switch (the switch will seemingly work), but is registered as switch number 68, not 48! This can be a hard problem to find, as the switch still seems to work. Unless there is access to the game manual, and know that this switch should be number 48 (and not number 68), the problem may not be found!

If a switch is mis-wired, it can cause other problems too. Using the internal wwitch test, often a single switch can show as multiple switch closures (one switch shows two or more switches activated during the switch test). Normally looking for crossed wires, bad diodes, bad LM339 and ULN2803 chips on CPU or under-the-playfield optic board would be the thing to do. But there can be another (simple) cause too: a switch wired completely backward. This happens often when someone changes a switch, and accidentally wires it "backwards". Keep this in mind when diagnosing switch matrix problems.

Testing the switch matrix columns: Using a diode and a test lead, the test lead is attached to pin 1 of J209, and is stationary. The other clip holds the non-banded side of the diode. Then the banded side of the diode is touched to each pin of connector J207. The "switch levels" test should indicate switches 11 to 81 (by ten) when activated.

Testing the Switch Columns (all WPC revisions).
To test the switch columns, do the following:
1. Remove the backglass and fold down the display to gain access to the CPU board.
2. Turn the game on.
3. After the game boots, press the "Begin Test" button in the front door. Go to the Test menu's "Switch Levels" test.
4. Unplug the connectors at J212, J206, J207, J208 and J209 (lower portion of the CPU board).
5. Connect an alligator test lead to pin 1 of J209. Pin 1 is the right most pin, as facing the board.
6. On the other end of the alligator test lead, clip on a 1N4004 diode, with the banded end away from the alligator lead. Touch the banded end of the diode to pin 1 of J207. Again, pin 1 is the right most pin, as facing the board.
7. The display should show switch 11 is closed.
8. Move the diode/alligator lead on J207 to the next pin. The display should show switch 21 is closed.
9. Repeat the previous step, until pin 9 of J207. Switches 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81 should be closed on the display as moving forward, pin by pin, on connector J207.

   Note: on some WPC games, columns 8 and/or 7 are not used. In these cases, there may be no indicator for switches 81 and/or 71.

If a particular column does not display as closed, or is closed without any test lead connection, replace the ULN2803 at U20 on the CPU board.

Testing the switch matrix rows: Using a diode and a test lead, the test lead is attached to pin 1 of J207, and is stationary. The other clip holds the banded side of the diode. Then the non-banded side of the diode is touched to each pin of connector J209. The "switch levels" test should indicate switches 11 to 18 when activated.

Testing the Switch Rows (all WPC revisions).
To test the switch rows, do the following:
1. Remove the backglass and fold down the display to gain access to the CPU board.
2. Turn the game on.
3. After the game boots, press the "Begin Test" button in the front door. Go to the Test menu's "Switch Levels" test.
4. Unplug the connectors at J212, J206, J207, J208 and J209 (lower portion of the CPU board).
5. Connect an alligator test lead to pin 1 of J207. Pin 1 is the right most pin, as facing the board.
6. On the other end of the alligator test lead, clip on a 1N4004 diode, with the non-banded end away from the alligator lead. Touch the non-banded end of the diode to pin 1 of J209. Again, pin 1 is the right most pin, as facing the board.
7. The display should show switch 11 is closed.
8. Move the diode/alligator lead on J209 to the next pin. The display should show switch 12 is closed.
9. Repeat the previous step, until pin 9 of J209. Switches 11 through 18 should be closed on the display as moving forward, pin by pin, on connector J209.

If a particular row does not display as closed, or is closed without any test lead connection, replace its corresponding LM339 chip on the CPU board. Here are the switch rows and which LM339 controls them:

• Rows 1,2,3,4 = U18
• Rows 5,6,7,8 = U19

Testing the Switch Matrix Columns and Rows with a Logic Probe.
If a logic probe is available, the switch matrix can be easily tested:

1. Remove the backglass and fold down the display to gain access to the CPU board.
2. Turn the game on.
3. After the game boots, press the "Begin Test" button in the front door. Go to the Test menu's "Switch Levels" test.
4. Unplug the connectors at J212, J206, J207, J208 and J209 (lower portion of the CPU board).
5. With the logic probe connected to power and ground, probe each pin 1 to pin 9 of J207 (pin 1 is the right most pin, as facing the board). These are the switch columns. All pins should show PULSE on the logic probe. If no pulsing activity is shown, the ULN2803 at U20 is bad.
6. With the logic probe connected to power and ground, probe each pin 1 to pin 9 of J209 (pin 1 is the right most pin, as facing the board). These are the switch rows. All pins should show HIGH on the logic probe. If a pin is not high, its corresponding LM339 on the CPU board is bad (rows 1,2,3,4 is U18, rows 5,6,7,8 is U19)

Switch matrix short: is it the CPU board or the playfield?
One of the diagnostic errors gotten from WPC games often is "switch matrix row shorted". This can happen for a variety of reasons (see below), but the big question is this: is the short on the CPU board (a failed component like the LM339 at U18-U19 or the ULN2803 at U20), or on the playfield (where a switch may be physically touching ground)? The easiest way to determine this is to disconnect all four switch matrix playfield plugs from the bottom right of the CPU board (connectors J206-J209). If the error goes away, there is a playfield short. If the error stays, there is a problem on the CPU board.

Further Diagnosing of the Switch Matrix.
If there is a switch matrix problem, the first plan of attack is to do the above column and row switch matrix tests. If these tests pass, the problem most likely is in the wiring. Note most switch failures show as Row failures (even though it could be a column problem). Here are eight different ways the switch matrix can fail. All require use of the internal "switch level" or "switch edge" tests of the game.

1. Switch column shorted to ground.
   When a column wire is shorted to ground, and any switch in that column is closed, the switch test will show ALL switches in the ROW of the closed switch as being closed. If no switches are closed, the switch test will show no switches closed. To find the location of the short, go to the end of the switch column wire on the playfield (the switches are "daisy chained" together for an entire column or row). Then break the daisy chain one switch at a time until the short no longer shows in the switch test.
2. Row shorted to ground (diode anode).
   When the anode (non-banded end of the switch diode) is shorted to ground, the switch test will show the entire row as activated (whether any switches are closed or not). To find the location of the short, go to the end of the switch row wire on the playfield (the switches are "daisy chained" together for an entire column or row). Then break the daisy chain one switch at a time until the short no longer shows in the switch test.
3. Row shorted to ground (diode cathode).
   When the cathode (banded end of the switch diode) is shorted to ground, that switch's entire row will show as closed in the switch test (whether the switch is open or closed). To find the location of the short, go to the end of the switch row wire on the playfield (the switches are "daisy chained" together for an entire column or row). Then break the daisy chain one switch at a time until the short no longer shows in the switch test.
4. Column wires shorted together.
   When two column wires are shorted together, and none of the switches in those columns are closed, the switch test will show no problems. But pressing any switch in either column will show that switch, along with a switch in the column that is shorted on the row of the switch being closed. For example, if column 2 and column 4 are shorted together, closing switch column 2 row 3 will also show a closed switch in column 4 row 3.
5. Row wires shorted together.
   When two row wires are shorted together, and no switches are closed, the switch test will show no closed switches. When any switch in either row is closed, another switch on the same column as the closed switch will also show as closed. For example, if rows 1 and 4 are shorted, closing a switch in row 1 column 3 will also show a closed switch on row 4 column 3.
6. Column and row wires shorted together.
   When a column and row wire are shorted together, the switch test will show the switch that is at the intersection of the row and column as being closed, even though it is not closed. All other switches on all other rows and columns will work correctly. For example, column 1 and row 3 are shorted together. The intersection of this column and row will show that switch as closed (even though it's not). And remember, this switch is not the cause of the problem!
7. Open diode on a switch.
   An open diode on a switch will cause only that switch to not work.
8. Shorted diode on a switch.
   A shorted switch diode will show no problems when only that switch is opened or closed. However if additional switches in that row or other columns are closed, false switch readings can be shown.

The Optic Switches are Going Crazy!
The optic switches are a bit more complicated than standard micro switches. All the optics require +12 volts to operate. If this 12 volt supply gets interrupted, has become intermittent, or drops to a lower voltage, the switch matrix can go crazy. Sometimes this can be seen in the diagnostic switch tests as optic switches that very quickly open and close.

This can be caused by cold or cracked solder joints on the connectors going to optic boards. While the game is in the switch test mode, wiggle the wires and connectors on the opto driver boards under the playfield. Also check the connectors at the power driver board too.

Another problem can be cracked power solder joints on the power driver board at capacitor C30 and bridge BR5 (WPC-S and prior), or capacitor C8 and diodes D3, D4, D5, D6 (WPC-95). This happens much more often on WPC-S and prior games though. Soldering jumper wires to capacitor C30 (or C8 for WPC-95) can fix this problem.

If a large number of optics seem to be affected, it could also be a CPU board problem. The U20 chip (ULN2803) on the CPU board may have failed (this chip is socketed on WPC-S and later games). Or possibly the +12 volt bridge and/or its associated capacitor on the power driver board has a cracked solder pad, or the +12 volt bridge itself could be bad.

Fliptronics Flipper Switches, EOS switches, and Test Button Switches.
On WPC-95 games, the flipper switches are wired directly to the CPU board (on WPC-S and prior Fliptronics games, the flippers are wired directly to the Fliptronics board). The test button switches (inside the coin door) are also wired directly to the CPU board on all WPC revision. These switches do not go through the switch matrix on any WPC revision. The flippers and EOS switches (on WPC-95), and test button switches (all WPC revisions) are part of set of 8 direct switches to the CPU board, which go through two LM339 chips, at position U16 and U17.

On WPC-95, the EOS switches go to connector J208 on the CPU board, and the flipper opto switches go to CPU connector J212. On pre WPC-95 games, the EOS switches go to the Fliptronics II board connector J906, and the flipper opto switches go to Fliptronics II board connector J905. The test switches on all WPC game revisions go to CPU board connector J205.

On pre-Fliptronics games, the EOS switches and flipper switches are NOT wired through any circuit board. They are wired directly to the flippers themselves. The cabinet flipper switches and EOS switches just complete the flipper power circuit to ground.

Switch Maintainence.
Here are the procedures for maintaining WPC switches:

• Micro-switch: no maintainence required. Can adjust the actuator arm only by rotating the switch in its bracket. Do not BEND the activator arm! Loosen the two screws holding the switch, and rotate the switch to adjust the activator arm. Re-tighten the screws, but not too tight as it will bind the switch mechanism.
• Blade or Leaf switch: clean with a business card inserted between the contacts. Squeeze the contacts closed, and remove the business card. Do not use a file on these gold plated contacts! Re-adjust the contact spacing for correct operation.
• Opto switches: use a Q-Tip and some Windex. Dip the Q-tip in the Windex, and clean the opto's two LED's (receiver and transmitter) with the Q-tip.

End of WPC Repair document Part Two.